| References used in this study |
|
Aber, J. and J. Melillo. 1980. Litter decomposition: measuring relative
contributions of organic matter and nitrogen to forest soils. Canadian J
ournal of Botany 58: 416-421."
|
|
Aber, J. and J. Melillo. 1982. Nitrogen immobilization in decaying hardw
ood leaf litter as a function of initial nitrogen and lignin content. Ca
nadian Journal of Botany 60: 2263-2269."
|
|
Aber, J.D., J.M. Melillo and C.A. McClaugherty. 1990. Predicting long-te
rm patterns of mass loss, nitrogen dynamics, and soil organic matter for
mation from initial fine litter chemistry in temperate forest ecosystems
. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 2201-2208."
|
|
Alban, D.H. and W.A. Niering. 1978. Biomass and nutrient distribution in
aspen, pine and spruce stands on the same soil types in Minnesota. Jour
nal of Forest Research 8: 290-299."
|
|
Allison, F., R. Murphy, C.J. Klein. 1963. Nitrogen requirements for the
decomposition of various kinds of finely ground woods in soil. Soil Scie
nce 96: 187-190."
|
|
Barclay, H. 1998. Conversion of total leaf area to projected leaf area i
n lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. Tree Physiology 18: 185-193."
|
|
Bartos, D.L. and R.S. Johnston. 1978. Biomass and nutrient content of q
uaking aspen at two sites in the western United States. Forest Science 2
42: 273-280."
|
|
Berg, B. and G. Ekhbom. 1991. Litter mass-loss rates and decomposition p
atterns in some needle and leaf litter types. Long-term decomposition in
a Scots pine forest. VII. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 1449-1456."
|
|
Binkley, D., P. Sollins, R. Bell, D. Sachs and D. Myrold. 1992. Biogeoch
emistry of adjacent conifer and alder-conifer stands. Ecology 736: 2022-
2033."
|
|
Black, T.A., J.M. Chen, L.X. Lee and R.M. Sagar. 1991. Characteristics o
f shortwave and longwave irradiances under a Douglas-fir forest stand. C
anadian Journal of Forest Research 21: 1020-1028."
|
|
Brix, H. 1981. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer source and application rat
es on foliar nitrogen concentration, photosynthesis, and growth of Dougl
as-fir. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 11: 775-780."
|
|
Chen, J.M., P.D. Blanken, T.A. Black, M. Guilbeault and S. Chen. 1997. R
adiation regime and canopy architecture in a boreal aspen forest. Agricu
ltural and Forest Meteorology 86: 107-125."
|
|
Cole, D. and M. Rapp. 1981. Elemental cycling in forest ecosystems. In:
D. Reichle ed., Dynamic properties of forest ecosystems. Cambridge Unive
rsity Press. International Biological Programme 23: 341-409."
|
|
Comeau, P. and J. Kimmins. 1989. Above- and below-ground biomass and pro
duction of lodgepole pine on sites with differing soil moisture regimes.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19: 447-454."
|
|
Cregg, B. 1994. Carbon allocation, gas exchange, and needle morphology o
f Pinus ponderosa genotypes known to differ in growth and survival under
imposed drought. Tree Physiology 14: 883-898."
|
|
Crow, T.R. 1978. Biomass and production in three contiguous forests in n
orthwest Wisconsin. Ecology 59: 265-273."
|
|
Edmonds, R. 1980. Litter decomposition and nutrient release in Douglas-f
ir, red alder, western hemlock, and Pacific Silver ecosystems in western
Washington. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 10: 327-337."
|
|
Edmonds, R. 1987. Decomposition rates and nutrient dynamics in small-dia
meter woody litter in four forest ecosystems in Washington, U.S.A. Canad
ian Journal of Forest Research 17: 499-509."
|
|
Robert Edmonds. Personal Communication. College of Forest Resources, Uni
versity of Washington, Seattle, Washington."
|
|
Fahey, T.J., J.B. Yavitt and J.A. Pearson. 1985. The nitrogen cycle in l
odgepole pine forests, southeastern Wyoming. Biogeochemistry 1: 257-275.
"
|
|
Fogel R. and K. Cromack, Jr. 1977. Effect of habitat and substrate quali
ty on Douglas fir litter decomposition in western Oregon. Canadian Journ
al of Botany 55: 1632-1640."
|
|
Fujimori, T. 1971. Primary productivity of a young Tsuga heterophylla st
and and some speculations about biomass of forest communities on the Ore
gon coast. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-123: 1-11."
|
|
Fujimori, T., S. Kawanabe, H. Saito, C.C. Grier and T. Shidei. 1976. Bio
mass and primary production in forests in three major vegetation zones o
f the northwestern United States. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Socie
ty 58: 360-373."
|
|
Gholz, H. 1982. Environmental limits on aboveground net primary producti
on, leaf area, and biomass in vegetation zones of the Pacific Northwest.
Ecology 63: 469-481."
|
|
Gholz, H.L., F.K. Fitz and R.H. Waring. 1976. Leaf area differences asso
ciated with old-growth forest communities in the western Oregon Cascades
. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 6: 49-57."
|
|
Gower, S.T. 1987. A comparison of above-ground productivity and carbon a
nd nutrient allocation patterns of a deciduous Larix occidentalis and an
evergreen Pinus contorta conifer in the east slopes of the Washington C
ascades, University of Washington, Seattle, WA."
|
|
Gower, S.T. and J.H. Richards. 1990. Larches: deciduous conifers in an e
vergreen world. Bioscience 40: 818-826."
|
|
Gower, S., C. Grier, D.J. Vogt and K.A. Vogt. 1987. Allometric relations
of deciduous Larix occidentalis and evergreen conifers Pinus contorta a
nd Pseudotsuga menziesii of the Cascade Mountains in central Washington.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17: 630-634."
|
|
Gower, S., C. Grier and K.A. Vogt. 1989. Aboveground production and N an
d P use by Larix occidentalis and Pinus contorta in the Washington Casca
des, USA. Tree Physiology 5: 1-11."
|
|
Gower, S., K. Vogt and C.C. Grier. 1992. Carbon dynamics of Rocky Mounta
in Douglas-fir: influence of water and nutrient availability. Ecological
Monographs 62: 43-65."
|
|
Grier, C.C. 1976. Biomass, productivity and nitrogen-phosphorous cycles
in hemlock-spruce stands of the central Oregon coast, Proceedings of the
Western Hemlock Management Conference, ed. W.A. Atkinson and R.J. Zesos
ki. University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, WA,
pp. 71-87."
|
|
Grier, C.C., 1978. A Tsuga heterophylla - Picea sitchensis ecosystem of
coastal Oregon: decomposition and nutrient balances of fallen logs. Cana
dian Journal of Forest Research 8: 198-206."
|
|
Grier, C. and R. Logan. 1977. Old-growth Pseudotsuga menziesii communiti
es of a western Oregon watershed: biomass distribution and production bu
dgets. Ecological Monographs 47: 373-400."
|
|
Grier, C.C., Cole, D.W., Dryness, C.T., and Fredriksen, R.L. 1974. Nutri
ent cycling in 37- and 450-year-old Douglas-fir ecosystems. Interpreted
Research in the Coniferous Forest Biome No. 61. University of Washington
, Seattle, WA P. 21-36."
|
|
Grier, C., K. Vogt, M.R. Keyes and R.L. Edmonds. 1981. Biomass distribut
ion and above- and below-ground production in young and mature Abies ama
bilis zone ecosystems of the Washington Cascades. Canadian Journal of Fo
rest Research 11: 155-167."
|
|
Harmon, M.E., G.A. Baker, G. Spycher and S.E. Greene. 1990. Leaf-litter
decomposition in the Picea/Tsuga forests of Olympic National Park, Washi
ngton, U.S.A. Forest Ecology and Management 31: 55-66."
|
|
Hart, S., M. Firestone and E.A. Paul. 1992. Decomposition and nutrient d
ynamics of ponderosa pine needles in a Mediterranean-type climate. Canad
ian Journal of Forest Research 22: 306-314."
|
|
Heilman, P.E. 1961. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the growth and
nitrogen nutrition of low-site Douglas-fir stands. Dissertation, Univers
ity of Washington."
|
|
Keyes, M. and C. Grier. 1981. Above- and below-ground net production in
40-year-old Douglas-fir stands on low and high productivity sites. Canad
ian Journal of Forest Research 11: 599-605."
|
|
Killingbeck, K.T., J.D. May and S. Nyman. 1990. Foliar senescence in an
aspen Populus tremuloides clone: the response of element resrption to in
terramet variation and timing of abscission. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 20: 1156-1164."
|
|
Kloeppel, B., S. Gower, I.W. Treichel and S. Karuk. 1998. Foliar carbon
isotope discrimination in Larix species and sympatric evergreen conifers
: a global comparison. Oecologia 114: 153-159."
|
|
Mitchell, A. and T. Hinckley. 1993. Effects of foliar nitrogen concentra
tion on photosynthesis and water use efficiency in Douglas-fir. Tree Phy
siology 12: 403-410."
|
|
Panshin, A.J. and C. de Zeeuw. 1980. Textbook of Wood Technology. 4th ed
., McGraw-Hill, New York."
|
|
Panshin, A.J., C. de Zeeuw and H.P. Brown. 1964. Textbook of Wood Techno
logy. 2d ed., McGraw Hill, New York."
|
|
Parsons, W., B. Taylor and D. Parkinson. 1990. Decomposition of aspen Po
pulus tremuloides leaf litter modified by leaching. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research 20: 943-951."
|
|
Pastor, J. and J.G. Bockheim. 1981. Biomass and production of an aspen-m
ixed hardwood-spodosol ecosystem in northern Wisconsin. Canadian Journal
of Forest Research 11: 132-138."
|
|
Reich, P.B., B.D. Kloeppel, D.S. Ellsworth and M.B. Walters. 1995a. Diff
erent photosynthesis-nitrogen relations in deciduous hardwood and evergr
een coniferous species. Oecologia 104: 24-30."
|
|
Ryan, M.G., S.T. Gower, R.M. Hubbard, R.H. Waring, H.L. Gholz, W.P. Crop
per Jr. and S.W. Running. 1995. Woody tissue maintenance respiration of
four conifers in contrasting climates. Oecologia 101: 133-140."
|
|
Sampson, D. and F. Smith. 1993. Influence of canopy architecture on ligh
t penetration in lodgepole pine Pinus contorta var. latifolia forests. A
gricultural and Forest Meteorology 64: 63-79."
|
|
Schoettle, A.W. 1990. The interaction between leaf longevity and shoot g
rowth and foliar biomass per shoot in Pinus contorta at two elevations.
Tree Physiology 7: 209-214."
|
|
Schoettle, A.W. and W.K. Smith. 1991. Interrelation between shoot charac
teristics and solar irradiance in the crown of Pinus contorta ssp. latif
olia. Tree Physiology 9: 245-254."
|
|
Sollins, P., C. Grier, F.M. McCorison, K. Cromack Jr., R. Fogel and R.L.
Fredriksen. 1980. The internal element cycles of an old-growth Douglas-
fir ecosystem in Western Oregon. Ecological Monographs 50: 261-285."
|
|
Stump, L. and D. Binkley. 1993. Relationships between litter quality and
nitrogen availability in Rocky Mountain forests. Canadian Journal of Fo
rest Research 23: 492-502."
|
|
Taylor, B. and D. Parkinson. 1988. Annual differences in quality of leaf
litter of aspen Populus tremuloides affecting rates of decomposition. C
anadian Journal of Botany 66: 1940-1947."
|
|
Taylor, B., C. Prescott, W.J.F. Parsons and D. Parkinson. 1991. Substrat
e control of litter decomposition in four Rocky Mountain coniferous fore
sts. Canadian Journal of Botany 69: 2242-2250."
|
|
Turner, J. 1975. Nutrient cycling in a Douglas-fir ecosystem with respec
t to age and nutrient status. Dissertation, University of Washington"
|
|
Turner, J. and J. Long. 1975. Accumulation of organic matter in a series
of Douglas-fir stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 5: 681-690."
|
|
Turner, J. and M. Singer. 1975. Nutrient distribution and cycling in a s
ub-alpine coniferous forest ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology 13: 29
5-301."
|
|
Turner, J., D. Cole and S.P. Gessel. 1976. Mineral nutrient accumulation
and cycling in a stand of red alder Alnus rubra. Journal of Ecology 64:
965-974."
|
|
Vitousek, P., J. Gosz, C.C. Grier, J.M. Melillo and W.A. Reiners. 1982.
A comparative analysis of potential nitrification and nitrate mobility i
n forest ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 52: 155-176."
|
|
Vogt, K., C. Grier, C.E. Meier and R.L. Edmonds. 1982. Mycorrhizal role
in net primary production and nutrient cycling in Abies amabilis ecosyst
ems in western Washington. Ecology 63: 370-380."
|
|
Whittaker, R. and W. Niering. 1975. Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mou
ntains, Arizona. V. Biomass, production and diversity along the elevatio
n gradient. Ecology 56: 771-790."
|
|
Zavitkovski, J. and R.D. Stevens. 1972. Primary productivity of red alde
r ecosystems. Ecology 53: 235-242."
|